How do our kidneys work? (Renal Anatomy) - What is PKD?

How do our kidneys work? (Renal Anatomy)




Voiceover: The kidneys are pretty crazy.
They can hold about 22 percent of your
entire blood supply at any time.
I've heard somewhere
that you can have about
1.1 liters per minute of
your blood flow through.
And in a normal person, that's got about
5 liters of blood, that means that within
5 minutes all of your blood will
pass through your kidneys, that's crazy.
So, I think we should investigate further
into how our kidneys
work, and we'll start in
this video with a brief
overview before going
into the specific parts
of what are involved.
So, with these two kidneys right here,
we're going to take in some blood,
that will come in through our renal artery
and come out at the end through our
ureters right there to produce urine.
So, that's sort of the overview look
of what we're going to be doing here,
and the reason why we do this is because
there are cells in our
body produce waste products
or change up the acidity or the osmolality
of our blood. We've
heard these terms before.
And it's very important for us to regulate
what is the pH of our
blood or how acidic it is
or how many osmoles we have or things that
dictate where ions or water flows.
And our kidneys make sure
that that's at a set level.
So going into the details, when blood
comes into our kidneys, they enter through
the renal artery, so I've got two renal
arteries right here, one right there,
one right there, and as you can see,
it's going to go branch off and have a
whole bunch of other networks that are
going to be disseminated from here, and
I'll talk a little more about that
in a separate video.
But what happens is that
we're going to have
filtration of our blood,
and from that filtrate
that comes out, we're
going to process it and
reabsorb some ions and water.
And as we reabsorb the
things that are important,
we are going to collect
it into our renal vein.
So here are two blue
renal veins right here
for each of our kidneys. Our renal veins
are going to take the returned or
reabsorbed nutrients back into our blood
and send it on its way.
All right, very cool.
So now we know sort of how the blood
enters and leaves. Now, let's talk about
the two main functions our
kidneys are responsible.
What are the two main functions that they
need to carry out in order
for us to filter our blood?
So, the first function
you probably guessed
is filtration. We take our blood and we
filter it out, so we have all our waste
products and some important molecules
like ions or amino acids or glucose that
end up in a filtrate that then passes
through the kidneys. So
somethings in that filtrate,
we want to get rid off,
all the wasty stuff
that we don't need, and so another or the
second very important
function of our kidneys
is collection, and between these two jobs,
the kidney will take our blood and put out
some urine. Now, at this point, I should
also mention that there
is a single functional
unit, and so when we
talk about our functions,
there is a unit that we can talk about.
The single smallest functional unit of a
kidney is called the nephron, the nephron,
and the nephron is
responsible for filtration
and collection. We'll talk about some
other structures in a minute that are
only responsible for collection,
but the nephron is charged with filtration
and collection, so it's got two hats on.
And the nephron is sort of situated in
two parts of the kidney. The first part
is sort of this outside area right here.
You can kind of see that it's the shell
of the kidney right, and as a shell, we
call it the renal cortex. Cortex is a term
you probably heard of before right.
Cerebral cortex, adrenal
cortex. Cortex just means
the shell, so that's this light tan
part on the outside. These darker parts
inside right here, there
is a couple of them
that you can see. This
is sort of in the middle
and so we call that the renal medulla,
the renal medulla, and
medulla you might have
heard of like the adrenal medulla or
the medulla oblongata,
it just means the middle,
okay the middle, so
it's inside the cortex.
So, our nephron is situated between the
cortex and the medulla, it sort of starts
up here and squiggles around and then it
dips into your medulla and then it jumps
back out over here and
then it dips in again.
And so I'll draw that in a separate video,
sort of all the separate
parts of the nephron,
but just understand that it
dances between your
cortex and your medulla.
And where it's dancing determines whether
it wants to reabsorb important things or
allow some stuff to be
collected into the urine.
Now, for the collection process, we have
these little tips that are kind of kissing
our renal medulla, right, so these little
tips right here that collect
the urine in the first place,
the first point that urine
sort of presents itself.
This is called the renal
calyx, the renal calyx.
And if we've got a whole bunch of these,
we call them the renal
calyces, the renal calyces.
And so that's the first part you're going
to have urine be present. There is a whole
bunch of these guys that meet together
and then you've got this
central area right there.
That central area is
called the renal pelvis,
the renal pelvis, and
that's just where all your
calyces collect together,
and once you've got
urine in your renal
pelvis, it's going to go
out this tube right here, and that's where
urine is going to exit our kidneys.
This tube right there is
just called the ureter,
the ureter, and we've got
two ureters right here.
That's going to send urine
away from the kidneys,
and as we'll talk about
in a separate video,
into the bladder. And
now that we've talked
about the ureter, this
is a pretty good time
to mention what these
three guys make together.
Whatever you've got in organ like our
kidney right here, I'll
sort of highlight that.
That's your kidney,
and then there are some
things that are coming out of your kidney,
these three guys right
there. We call the place
where we've got tubes or
vessels coming out, the hilum,
the hilum, and if we've
got more than one of them,
we can call them the hila, but we've got a
renal artery, a renal vein, and a ureter
coming out of the renal hilum over here.
All right, and so that's the anatomical
structure of our kidneys. Now, why don't
we take a step back and let me make a
philosophical note if I may. What's the
point of the kidney even doing this?
Why should we even
filter and collect urine?
What's the whole purpose
of this altogether?
Well, the kidneys are actually a very
important organ for maintaining something
that's called homeostasis,
and you've probably
heard of this term before. It's a big buzz
word in biology.
Homeostasis just means the
way things are, the status quo, which can
mean things like what
the pH in your blood is.
So your kidneys maintain
the pH in your blood
by regulating the amount of hydrogen ions
that are there. It could
also mean blood pressure
because when you've a lot
of salt ... And you've
probably heard this from doctors.
If you've a lot of salt
intake, you're going
to have high blood
pressure, so your kidneys
make sure you excrete the right amount of
sodium and chloride ions to make sure that
you don't have high blood
pressure, but there are
other things here that
the kidney also maintains
homeostasis of. And that could be things
like osmolality, and of
course the main thing
that we're going to talk about in an
upcoming video, is just the excretion of
waste products of getting rid of the extra
materials that we have,
and one of the main
waste products that
the kidney gets rid off
is something that's called urea.
And we'll touch on urea
in a little bit, but
this just goes to show you how important
your kidneys really are. There is a lot at
stake here, and so it's
very important to have
these guys filtering your blood to produce
urine to maintain homeostasis.

[https]www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctGkLYuUCvU


What is PKD?




This is Emily. She has been diagnosed
with polycystic kidney disease or PKD.
Her doctor told her that there's
currently no cure
and no treatment for the disease. She
has lots of questions about PKD
such as: Who is affected? How is it passed on
and what can she expect?
Emily visits pkdcure.org to see what information she could find.
She discovers that PKD is one of the most common,
life-threatening genetic diseases
affecting tens of thousands of Americans
and millions of people worldwide.
PKD impacts men and women alike
and all races and nationalities
equally. There are two types of PKD:
ADPKD and ARPKD.
ADPKD is the more common type,
and the type that Emily has been
diagnosed with. It is usually passed from
parent to child.
Children of parents with ADPKD have
a 50 percent chance of having the disease.
As a result, ADPKD often affects many
people in one family,
however about 10 percent of people
diagnosed with
ADPKD have no family history of the
disease.
Instead, they have ADPKD
because of a spontaneous new mutation.
For people with ADPKD,
fluid-filled cysts grow in their kidneys
causing them to grow larger and larger.
Normal kidneys are about the size of a
fist. Polycystic kidneys
can get much larger, sometimes as big as a football
and can weigh as much as 30 pounds each.
Eventually, the cysts cause the kidneys
to stop working.
ADPKD can be a painful disease
that keeps people from enjoying life to
its fullest; taking a toll on a person's
emotional, mental and physical health.
ADPKD is the fourth leading cause of kidney
failure and once person's kidneys fail,
their only options are dialysis or
kidney transplant.
The other form of PKD is ARPKD.
ARPKD is a rare form of polycystic kidney disease
that occurs in one in 20,000 children worldwide
and can cause death in the first month
of life.
For children who survive the newborn period
â€" about 70 percent â€"
about one-third will need dialysis or transplant by age 10.
Emily is encouraged to find out that the PKD Foundation
is committed to ending PKD. Their vision
is that one day,
no one will suffer the full effects of
this disease.
They are the only organization in the United States solely dedicated to finding treatments
and a cure for PKD. The focus of the PKD Foundation
is on funding research. They also provide
education,
offer support through local chapters and
promote advocacy and awareness.
Emily decides that she can help by
volunteering; getting involved with a chapter;
and helping spread the word about PKD.
Every action makes a difference.
Visit pkdcure.org to learn how you can
help.

[https]www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiCTX1qub9Y